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"Ma'oz Tzur" ((ヘブライ語:מעוז צור) ''Māʕōz Sˤūr'') is a Jewish liturgical poem or ''piyyut''. It is written in Hebrew, and is sung on the holiday of Hanukkah, after lighting the festival lights. The name is a reference to the Hasmonean stronghold of Beth-zur. This Hebrew song is thought to have been written sometime in the 13th century. It was originally sung only in the home, but has been used in the synagogue since the nineteenth century or earlier. In more recent years, of its six stanzas sometimes only the first stanza is sung (or the first and fifth). == Content == The hymn is named for its Hebrew incipit, which means "Stronghold of Rock" and is a name or epithet for God. "Ma'oz Tzur" is thought to have been written in the 13th century, during the Crusades.〔Zunz "''Literaturgesch''." p. 580〕 The first letters of the first five stanzas form an acrostic of the composer's name, Mordechai (the five Hebrew letters מרדכי). He may have been the Mordecai ben Isaac ha-Levi who wrote the Sabbath table-hymn "''Mah Yafit''",〔(The triumph of Mordechai )〕 or even the scholar referred to in the Tosafoth to Talmud (Bavli) Niddah 36a. Or, to judge from the appeal in the closing verse, he may have been the Mordecai whose father-in-law was martyred at Mayence (now Mainz, Germany) in 1096. The hymn retells Jewish history in poetic form and celebrates deliverance from four ancient enemies, Pharaoh, Nebuchadnezzar, Haman and Antiochus. Like much medieval Jewish liturgical poetry, it is full of allusions to Biblical literature and rabbinic interpretation. Thus, "malchut eglah" denotes Egypt (Jeremiah 46:2); "noges" is Nebuchadnezzar; "y’mini" is Mordechai (Esther 2:5); "y’vanim"" is Antiochus; "shoshanim" is the Jewish people (Shir HaShirim 2:2); "b’nei vinah" are the rabbinic sages; and "shir" refers to the Hallel psalms.〔Rabbi Dr Raymond Apple http://www.oztorah.com/2007/07/the-strange-6th-verse-of-maoz-tzur〕〔http://www.piyut.org.il/browsing/123.html〕 A second acrostic is found in the first letters of the opening words of the final stanza, the acrostic contains the word ''hazak'' (meaning "be strong"). The poem recalls the many times when Jewish communities were saved from the people around them. The second stanza tells of the exodus from Egypt. The third stanza tells of the end of the Babylonian captivity. The fourth retells the miracle of the holiday of Purim. Only the fifth tells of the Hasmonean victory that is commemorated by Hanukkah. The first and last stanzas are written in the present tense. The first expresses hope for the rebuilding of the Temple and for the defeat of enemies, who are metaphorically referred to as barking (''menabe'ah''). The final stanza once again calls for divine retribution against the enemies of the Jewish people. The term "Admon", meaning "the red one", was understood by some to refer to the emperor, Friedrich Barbarossa, whose name means Frederick "Redbeard" but this reading is inaccurate, since the last stanza is generally believed to have been composed around the turn of the 16th century, some three hundred years after Frederick I died or together with the other five verses. Therefore it refers to Christianity in general, which in traditional Jewish sources is viewed as being born of Rome, which is called "Edom" (the root of the word "Admon") because the original nation of Rome is considered to consist of the descendants of Esau, who were known as Edom. This stanza was dropped from many printings of the poem, perhaps from fear of a Christian reaction against it, as well as in countries under Communist rule, because the red color is traditionally associated with Communism. The six stanzas refer to the four exiles of the Jewish people: the Babylonian exile, the Persian exile, the Greek exile and the exile of Edom. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ma'oz Tzur」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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